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Pottawatomie massacre
The Pottawatomie massacre occurred during the night of May 24 and the morning of May 25, 1856. In reaction to the sacking of Lawrence, Kansas by pro-slavery forces, John Brown and a band of abolitionist settlers—some of them members of the Pottawatomie Rifles—killed five settlers north of Pottawatomie Creek in Franklin County, Kansas. This was one of the many bloody episodes in Kansas preceding the American Civil War, which came to be known collectively as Bleeding Kansas. Bleeding Kansas was largely brought about by the Missouri Compromise and Kansas–Nebraska Act.
==Background==
John Brown was particularly affected by the sacking of Lawrence, in which a sheriff-led posse destroyed two abolitionist newspaper offices, the fortified Free State Hotel, and the house of Charles Robinson, the free-state militia commander-in-chief and leader of the Free State government established in opposition to the pro-slavery Territorial Government. A Douglas County grand jury had ordered the abatement because the hotel "had been used as a fortress" and an "arsenal" the previous winter and the "seditious" newspapers were indicted because "they had urged the people to resist the enactments passed" by the territorial governor.〔 of the ''Squatter Sovereign'' proclaiming that pro-slavery forces "are determined to repel this Northern invasion and make Kansas a Slave State; though our rivers should be covered with the blood of their victims and the carcasses of the Abolitionists should be so numerous in the territory as to breed disease and sickness, we will not be deterred from our purpose."〔Quoted in David S. Reynolds, ''John Brown, Abolitionist: The Man Who Killed Slavery, Sparked the Civil War, and Seeded Civil Rights'' (New York: Vintage, 2006), p. 162〕〔The London Quarterly and Holborn Review, Vol 8. 1857. pp 528-9.〕 Brown was outraged by both the violence of pro-slavery forces, and also by what he saw as a weak and cowardly response by the antislavery partisans and the Free State settlers, whom he described as cowards, or worse.〔Reynolds, pp. 163-166.〕 In addition, two days before this massacre Brown learned about the caning of abolitionist Charles Sumner by Preston Brooks on the floor of Congress.〔CSPAN 2 Book Festival 2011 McCullough〕
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